pwd - Shows the current working directory’s path

cd - Changes the working directory

mkdir - Creates a new directory

rm - Deletes a file

cp - Copies files and directories, including their content

mv - Moves or renames files and directories

touch - Creates a new empty file

file - Checks a file’s type

zip and unzip - Creates and extracts a ZIP archive


tar -Archives files without compression in a TAR format

nano, vi, and jed - Edits a file with a text editor

cat Lists, combines, and writes a file’s content as a standard output

grep - Searches a string within a file

sed Finds, replaces, or deletes - patterns in a file

head Displays a file’s first ten lines

tail - Prints a file’s last ten lines

awk - Finds and manipulates patterns in a file

sort Reorders a file’s content

cut Sections and prints lines from a file

diff - Compares two files’ content and their differences

tee Prints command outputs in Terminal and a file

locate - Finds files in a system’s database

find - Outputs a file or folder’s location

sudo - Runs a command as a superuser

su - Runs programs in the current shell as another user

chmod - Modifies a file’s read, write, and execute permissions

chown - Changes a file, directory, or symbolic link’s ownership

useradd and userdel - Creates and removes a user account

df - Displays the system’s overall disk space usage

du - Checks a file or directory’s storage consumption

top - Displays running processes and the system’s resource usage

htop - Works like top but with an interactive user interface

ps - Creates a snapshot of all running processes

uname - Prints information about your machine’s kernel, name, and hardware

hostname - Shows your system’s hostname

time - Calculates commands’ execution time

systemctl Manages system services

watch Runs another command continuously

jobs - Displays a shell’s running processes with their statuses

kill - Terminates a running process

shutdown - Turns off or restarts the system

ping - Checks the system’s network connectivity

wget - Downloads files from a URL

curl - Transmits data between servers using URLs

scp - Securely copies files or directories to another system

rsync - Synchronizes content between directories or machines

lfconfig - Displays the system’s network interfaces and their configurations

netstat - Shows the system’s network information, like routing and sockets

traceroute Tracks a packet’s hops to its destination

nslookup - Queries a domain’s IP address and vice versa

dig - Displays DNS information, including record types

history - Lists previously run commands

man - Shows a command’s manual

echo - Prints a message as a standard output

ln Links files or directories

alias and unalias - Sets and removes an alias for a file or command

cal - Displays a calendar in Terminal

apt-get - Manages Debian-based distros package libraries