About Cisco
Cisco is widely recognized as a leading developer of networking hardware and telecommunications equipment, forming the backbone of the internet’s infrastructure and enterprise connectivity. Over decades, Cisco has played an instrumental role in enabling internet functionality, from small networks to global systems, providing the essential technology that powers secure and reliable communication across industries. The company’s platforms, including WebEx for video conferencing and Cisco Jabber for messaging and collaboration, have become key tools in the modern workspace, facilitating real-time communication for millions of users worldwide.
Beyond traditional networking, Cisco is also a major force in the fast-evolving Internet of Things (IoT) sector. Its IoT solutions span connected devices, data processing, and analytics, which help organizations gather and leverage vast amounts of real-time data from connected systems. Cisco’s founders, Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack, laid the groundwork for this connectivity by pioneering the Local Area Network (LAN) concept — an innovation that transformed internal business communications.
Today, Cisco’s contributions to network technology continue to support seamless communication, secure data transfer, and efficient operations across the world, from large enterprises to small businesses.
Cisco’s company history
Both were involved with the university’s computing facilities. Bosack realized that the existing router technology developed in the 1970s by other Stanford students could be used to connect their offices together. Lerner and Bosack were instrumental in developing what we know today as Local Area Networks (LANs). The couple saw the commercial possibilities for other businesses, and ultimately founded Cisco Systems Inc, taking its name from their base in San Francisco.
Cisco enters the market
1985 saw the sale of Cisco’s first product, consisting of a router that could support multiple networks, to Digital Equipment Corporation. After an injection of venture capital, the company went public in 1990 under the tenure of John Morgridge, who became CEO in 1988.
Across the 1990s, Cisco embraced IP (Internet Protocol). The acquisition of companies like Crescendo Communications and Kalpana further strengthened Cisco’s portfolio, allowing the company to offer a comprehensive range of networking solutions.
During this period, Cisco introduced the Cisco 7000 series router, a powerful and modular platform that became a cornerstone for large-scale networking deployments. The Cisco 2500 series router also became very popular as it allowed all businesses, no matter their size, to access the burgeoning internet.
In the 1990s, Cisco also developed the Catalyst series of switches and acquired StrataCom, which strengthened Cisco’s expertise in wide-area networking. In 1995, John T. Chambers took over as CEO.
What does Cisco sell?
Cisco’s initial product lineup started with dedicated network nodes like the Cisco 2500 series, evolving into more advanced models such as the Cisco 7000 and 8500 series. Nowadays, Cisco’s offerings encompass a wide range of networking and IT solutions suitable for businesses of various sizes.
The company is known for its networking hardware, including routers, switches, and wireless systems, with notable products like the Cisco Catalyst series switches and ISR routers forming the core of enterprise networks. Alongside these, Cisco provides cyber security solutions, such as Cisco SecureX and Cisco Umbrella, which help organisations protect against cyber threats.
Cisco also focuses on data centre technologies with products like the Unified Computing System (UCS) and Nexus switches, designed to support modern data centre and cloud environments. In addition, their collaboration tools, including WebEx and Cisco Jabber, facilitate communication and productivity. The company’s innovation extends to AI and IoT, integrating these technologies into their solutions to meet the demands of the tech landscape.
Cisco has further enhanced its offerings with Cisco Intersight, a cloud-based management platform for data center and edge environments. Intersight leverages AI and machine learning to provide proactive insights, predictive analytics, and recommendations, helping IT teams address issues before they affect operations. The move was seen as a way for Cisco to double-down on its goal of providing resilient, intelligent infrastructure that adapts to the needs of modern businesses, enabling them to scale and innovate with confidence.
Cisco was founded in 1984 by husband and wife Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack, who were computer scientists at Stanford University. The founding management team also included Kirk Lougheed, Greg Satz, and Richard Troiano, who were instrumental in the company’s early development.
In 1990, Cisco went public and John Morgridge was appointed CEO. Under his leadership, the company experienced significant growth. In 1995, John Chambers succeeded Morgridge as CEO, steering the company through the internet boom and establishing Cisco as a dominant player in the networking industry.
Today, Chuck Robbins serves as CEO and chairman, a role he assumed in 2015. Robbins has steered Cisco through the digital transformation era, emphasizing growth areas such as cyber security, IoT, cloud computing, and software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings. His leadership has focused on modernizing Cisco’s business model through increased investments in software and recurring revenue streams, positioning the company to meet the demands of a connected, cloud-driven world.
Cisco Nexus Switches
Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Switch:
Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Switches combine high levels of scalability with operational flexibility. They provide the foundation for Cisco Unified Fabric. They are a modular data center-class product line designed for highly scalable 1/10/40/100 Gigabit Ethernet networks with a fabric architecture that scales beyond 17 terabits per second (Tbps). Designed to meet the requirements of the most mission-critical data centers, the switches deliver continuous system operation and virtualized, pervasive services. The Cisco Nexus 7000 Series is based on the proven Cisco NX-OS Software operating system, with enhanced features to deliver real-time system upgrades with exceptional manageability and serviceability.
The first in the next generation of switch platforms, the Cisco Nexus 7000 Series provides integrated resilience combined with features optimized specifically for the data center for availability, reliability, scalability, and ease of management.
Main benefits
Coupled with Cisco NX-OS, the Cisco Nexus 7000 Series delivers a comprehensive set of features with nonstop operation in four chassis form factors:
- 18-slot chassis with 18 front-accessible module slots and side-to-side airflow in a compact horizontal form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
- 10-slot chassis with 10 front-accessible vertical module slots and front-to-back airflow and an integrated cable management system.
- 9-slot with 9 front-accessible module slots and side-to-side airflow in a compact horizontal form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
- 4-slot chassis with all front-accessible module slots and side-to-back airflow in a small form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
All Cisco Nexus 7000 Series chassis use a passive mid-plane architecture, providing physical connectors and copper traces for interconnecting the fabric modules and the I/O modules for direct data transfer. All intermodule switching is performed via the crossbar fabric ASICs on the individual I/O modules and fabric modules. In the case of Cisco Nexus 7004 chassis, since there are no fabric modules, the mid-plane provides the connectors and traces to interconnect the fabric ASICs on the I/O modules directly.
A scalable, fully distributed fabric architecture composed of up to five fabric modules combined with the chassis midplane delivers up to 550 Gbps per slot for 8.8 Tbps, 9.9 Tbps, and 18.7 Tbps of forwarding capacity in the 9-slot, 10-slot, and 18-slot switches, respectively. The 4-slot chassis delivers up to 1.92 Tbps of forwarding capacity in combination with the built-in fabric system.
The midplane design on the 9-slot, 10-slot, and 18-slot chassis and the backplane design on the 4-slot chassis support flexible technology upgrades as your needs change, providing ongoing investment protection.
Cisco Nexus 7000 4-Slot Switch Chassis
The Cisco Nexus 7000 4-Slot chassis with two I/O module slots supports up to 96 x 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports, 12 x 40 Gigabit Ethernet ports and 4 x 100 Gigabit Ethernet ports, meeting the needs of small to medium-size data centers, co-locations, access- and aggregation-layer deployments, high-speed core deployments, and smaller operation zones. The Cisco Nexus 7000 4-Slot chassis also has two dedicated supervisor slots to provide full redundancy and high availability. The 4-slot chassis does not require fabric modules. The local I/O module fabrics are connected back to back to form a two-stage crossbar that interconnects the I/O modules and the supervisor engines. The backplane capacity is determined by the installed I/O modules.
- Side-to-rear airflow increases the system density in a seven-rack-unit (7RU) footprint, optimizing the use of rack space. The optimized density provides the capability to stack up to six 4-slot chassis in a 42RU rack.
- The fan tray with built-in fan and controller redundancy helps ensure reliability of the system and support for hot swapping of fan trays. The fan tray is on the top side of the chassis and draws the air from the right side of the chassis through the line card and supervisor slots and propagates it through the empty space on the left side of the chassis. The air then flows up to the fan tray on the top side and finally flows out from the vent holes on the back side of the chassis.
- Even though Nexus 7004 does not have fabric modules, fabric redundancy is still provided. If the local fabric on one of the I/O modules fails, the entire I/O module is taken offline.
- All modules, including power supplies and the fan tray, are accessible from the front.
Cisco Nexus 7000 9-Slot Switch Chassis
The Cisco Nexus 7000 9-Slot chassis with up to seven I/O module slots supports up to 336 x 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports, 42 x 40 Gigabit Ethernet ports, and 14 x 100 Gigabit Ethernet ports, meeting the demands of mission-critical campus core and data center deployments. It has two dedicated supervisor slots to provide full redundancy.
- Side-to-side airflow increases the system density in a 14RU footprint, optimizing the use of rack space. The optimized density provides the capability to stack up to three 9-slot chassis in a 42RU rack.
- Independent variable-speed system and fabric fans provide efficient cooling capacity to the entire system. Fan-tray redundancy features help ensure reliability of the system and support for hot swapping of fan trays.
- I/O modules, supervisor modules, and fabric modules are accessible from the front. Power supplies and fan trays are accessible from the back.
Cisco Nexus 7000 10-Slot Switch Chassis
The Cisco Nexus 7000 10-Slot chassis with up to eight I/O module slots supports up to 384 x 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports, 48 x 40 Gigabit Ethernet ports, and 16 x 100 Gigabit Ethernet ports, meeting the demands of large data center deployments. It has two dedicated supervisor slots to provide full redundancy.
- Front-to-back airflow helps ensure that use of the Cisco Nexus 7000 10-Slot chassis addresses the requirement for hot-aisle and cold-aisle deployments without additional complexity.
- The system uses dual system and fabric fan trays for cooling. Each fan tray is redundant and composed of independent variable-speed fans that automatically adjust to the ambient temperature, helping reduce power consumption in well-managed facilities while helping enable optimum operation of the switch. The system design increases cooling efficiency and provides redundancy capabilities, allowing hot swapping without affecting the system; if either a single fan or a complete fan tray fails, the system continues to operate without a significant degradation in cooling capacity.
- The system supports an optional air filter to help ensure clean air flow through the system. The addition of the air filter satisfies Network Equipment Building Standards (NEBS) requirements.
- I/O modules and supervisor modules are accessible from the front, and fabric modules, power supplies, and fan trays are accessible from the back.
Cisco Nexus 7000 18-Slot Switch Chassis
The Cisco Nexus 7000 18-Slot chassis with up to 16 I/O module slots supports up to 768 x 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports, 96 x 40 Gigabit Ethernet ports, and 32 x 100 Gigabit Ethernet ports, meeting the demands of the largest data center deployments. It has two dedicated supervisor slots to provide full redundancy.
- Side-to-side airflow increases the system density in a 25RU footprint, optimizing the use of rack space. The optimized density provides more than 16RU of free space in a standard 42RU rack for cable management and patching systems.
- Independent variable-speed system and fabric fans provide efficient cooling capacity to the entire system. Fan-tray redundancy features help ensure reliability of the system and support for hot swapping of fan trays.
- I/O modules and supervisor modules are accessible from the front, and fabric modules, power supplies, and fan trays are accessible from the back.
Features and Benefits
Coupled with Cisco NX-OS, the Cisco Nexus 7000 Series delivers a comprehensive set of features with nonstop operation in four chassis form factors:
- 18-slot chassis with 18 front-accessible module slots and side-to-side airflow in a compact horizontal form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
- 10-slot chassis with 10 front-accessible vertical module slots and front-to-back airflow and an integrated cable management system.
- 9-slot with 9 front-accessible module slots and side-to-side airflow in a compact horizontal form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
- 4-slot chassis with all front-accessible module slots and side-to-back airflow in a small form factor with purpose-built integrated cable management.
All Cisco Nexus 7000 Series chassis use a passive mid-plane architecture, providing physical connectors and copper traces for interconnecting the fabric modules and the I/O modules for direct data transfer. All intermodule switching is performed via the crossbar fabric ASICs on the individual I/O modules and fabric modules. In the case of Cisco Nexus 7004 chassis, since there are no fabric modules, the mid-plane provides the connectors and traces to interconnect the fabric ASICs on the I/O modules directly.
A scalable, fully distributed fabric architecture composed of up to five fabric modules combined with the chassis midplane delivers up to 550 Gbps per slot for 8.8 Tbps, 9.9 Tbps, and 18.7 Tbps of forwarding capacity in the 9-slot, 10-slot, and 18-slot switches, respectively. The 4-slot chassis delivers up to 1.92 Tbps of forwarding capacity in combination with the built-in fabric system.
The midplane design on the 9-slot, 10-slot, and 18-slot chassis and the backplane design on the 4-slot chassis support flexible technology upgrades as your needs change, providing ongoing investment protection.
Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Chassis Common Components
All Cisco Nexus 7000 Series chassis have the following components:
- Integrated cable management system designed to support the cabling requirements of a fully configured system at either or both sides of the switch, allowing outstanding flexibility. All system components can easily be removed with the cabling in place, providing ease of maintenance tasks with little disruption.
- A series of LEDs at the top of the chassis provide a clear summary of the status of the major system components, alerting operators to the need to conduct further investigation. These LEDs report the power supply, fan, fabric, supervisor, and I/O module status.
- A purpose-built optional front-module door provides protection from accidental interference with both the cabling and modules installed in the system. The transparent front door allows easy observation of cabling and module indicators and status lights without any need to open the doors, reducing the likelihood of faults caused by human interference. The door supports a dual-opening capability for flexible operation and cable installation while fitted. The door can easily be completely removed for both initial cabling and day-to-day management of the system.
Energy-Efficient Design
The Cisco Nexus 7000 Series uses power supplies that are up to 90 percent efficient, so less power is wasted as heat, and more power is available for the system to use than with typical power supplies.
The fan modules in the chassis adjust to compensate for changing thermal characteristics. At lower speeds, they use less power. In the 9-slot chassis, the fan tray is designed to completely turn off the power for a row of fans when the corresponding slots are unused.
Consolidation of multiple switches in the Cisco Nexus 7000 Series is enabled by the powerful combination of high density and performance, support for device virtualization, and comprehensive reliability and availability features. This consolidation increases the power efficiency by reducing wasted power from multiple partially loaded and inflexible systems.
High End Data Center Networking Switches
Core and Distribution Switches
Small business networking Switches
Campus and Data center Routers
Service Providers Routers
Here’s a clear breakdown of the differences between Cisco IOS XR, ASR, and Nexus, since you’re likely referring to different platforms and operating systems used in Cisco networking gear:
🔹 1. Cisco IOS XR – Operating System
IOS XR is a network operating system (NOS) developed by Cisco for high-end, carrier-grade routers.
Key Features:
Modular architecture (processes can be restarted individually)
High availability (HA), in-service software upgrades (ISSU)
Designed for service providers
CLI is different from classic IOS
Supports MPLS, BGP, Segment Routing, etc.
Devices it runs on:
Cisco ASR 9000 series
Cisco NCS (Network Convergence System) routers
🔹 2. Cisco ASR – Hardware Platform
ASR stands for Aggregation Services Router, which is a family of routers made by Cisco.
Key Models:
ASR 1000 series – Mid-range, usually runs Cisco IOS XE
ASR 9000 series – High-end, runs IOS XR
Use Case:
WAN edge, large enterprises, service provider edge/core
High throughput, support for QoS, security, and MPLS
🔹 3. Cisco Nexus – Switching Platform
Nexus is Cisco’s data center switch line.
Key Features:
High performance Layer 2/3 switching
Designed for data center environments
Supports VXLAN, EVPN, ACI, and fabric networking
Operating Systems:
NX-OS – Different from IOS, optimized for data centers
Some Nexus switches can run in ACI mode (for SDN)
🔄 Summary Table:
| Feature | IOS XR | ASR Routers | Nexus Switches |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Operating System | Hardware Platform (Routers) | Hardware Platform (Switches) |
| Used For | Carrier-grade routing | WAN edge/core | Data center switching |
| OS It Runs | IOS XR | IOS XE or IOS XR | NX-OS |
| Example Devices | ASR 9000, NCS | ASR 1000, ASR 9000 | Nexus 3000, 5000, 9000 |